The Origins of Human–Computer Interaction: From Cognitive Science to Design Thinking

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is an area of research and practice that emerged in the Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) emerged in the early 1980s as a research and design discipline at the intersection of computer science, cognitive psychology, and human factors engineering. Initially focused on improving usability, HCI rapidly evolved into a multidisciplinary field that redefined how people interact with technology.

Today, HCI unites a diverse range of approaches under one umbrella — from ergonomics and cognitive science to design thinking and social informatics. Its ongoing synthesis of theory and practice exemplifies how different paradigms can merge into a cohesive and dynamic discipline centered on human experience.

Where HCI Came From

Before the late 1970s, computers were tools for professionals and hobbyists. The rise of personal computing changed everything, transforming computers into everyday instruments for communication, creativity, and work. This shift exposed a critical challenge: most systems were difficult to use.

At the same time, cognitive science — a field combining psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, and philosophy — was developing new ways to understand human thought and behavior. Its offshoot, cognitive engineering, aimed to apply these insights to the design of more intuitive and efficient tools.

The emergence of personal computing met cognitive science at the perfect moment. Together, they shaped the foundation of HCI as a human-centered discipline, dedicated to bridging science, engineering, and design to make technology more accessible, efficient, and emotionally resonant.

Written by Otávio Santiago, a multidisciplinary designer exploring the intersection of emotion, form, and technology. His practice spans graphic, motion, and 3D design, bridging digital and physical experiences.